بیماری ایدز

آشنایی با علائم اولیه بیماری ایدز

 

 

علائم بیماری ایدز چگونه ظاهر می شود؟
بیماری ایدز می تواند علائم اولیه خود را در دهان بروز دهد که توجه به آنها در تشخیص به موقع این بیماری موثر است . هر چند افراد آلوده به ویروس HIV ممکن است از آلودگی خود به این ویروس بی اطلاع باشند ، ولی دوره نهفته این بیماری ، در بعضی افراد می تواند علائم دهانی خاصی داشته باشد.
به گزارش خبرنگار سایت پزشکان بدون مرز  ،  علائم این بیماری به صورت هایی از قبیل عفونت های قارچی با ایجاد خطوط سفید در کناره زبان ، آفت های متعدد ، تبخال های مزمن و طولانی مدت ظهور می یابند که فرد با مشاهده این علائم می بایست به متخصص بیماریهای دهان مراجعه کند.
پس از ورود ویروس HIV به بدن فرد، به تدریج قدرت دفاع بدن وی ضعیف شده و در برابر انواع بیماری ها و عفونت ها آسیب پذیر می شود. 

با کاهش قدرت سیستم دفاعی، به مرور زمان بدن آماده ابتلا به عفونت ها و سرطان هایی می شود که به طور معمول در مردم عادی دیده نمی شوند، این بیماری ها به صورت بیماری های ریوی، اسهال های شدید و مزمن، تب های طولانی، کاهش وزن، اختلالات شخصیتی، بیماری های مغزی و پوستی خود را نشان می دهند که درنهایت منجر به مرگ فرد مبتلا خواهد شد. علائم آلودگی با HIV بسیار پیچیده است و دارای مراحل چندی است که الزاما همه آنها در افراد آلوده مشاهده نمی شود.

این مراحل عبارتند از؛

مرحله عفونت اولیه HIV: (مرحله اول)

این مرحله چند هفته طول می کشد و معمولا با یک حالت شبیه سرماخوردگی که بلافاصله بعد از عفونت رخ می هد همراه است. این حالت شبیه سرماخوردگی گاهی اوقات تحت عنوان حالت seroconversion یاد می شود. (علائمی نظیر تب، گلودرد، بزرگی غدد لنفاوی، درد مفاصل و عضلات، سر درد، ضعف و بی حالی، بی اشتهایی، تهوع و استفراغ، کاهش وزن، اسهال و گاهی دانه های جلدی یا تظاهرات عصبی).

در حدود۲۰درصد موارد علائم به گونه ای است که فرد به پزشک مراجعه می کند، ولی معمولا تشخیص داده نمی شود و حتی اگر تست HIV آنتی بادی در این موقع انجام شود ممکن است هنوز مثبت نباشد.

طی این مرحله مقدار زیادی HIV در خون محیطی فرد وجود دارد و سیستم ایمنی با تولید پادتن ها (آنتی بادی ها) و لنفوسیت های سلول کش (لنفوسیت های سیتوتوکسیک) شروع به پاسخ در برابر ویروس می کنند.از هنگام ورود ویروس ایدز تا مثبت شدن نتیجه آزمایشگاهی که نشانگر آلودگی فرد است حدود ۲ تا ۱۲ هفته و گاهی تا ۱۶ ماه طول می کشد.

مرحله بدون علامت بالینی (مرحله دوم)

این مرحله به طور متوسط ۱۰ سال طول می کشد و همانطور که از نام این مرحله پیدا است، خالی از هر علامتی است. هرچند ممکن است غدد متورم لنفاوی هم وجود داشته باشند (لنفادنوپاتی). سطح HIV در خون محیطی به سطح بسیار پایینی کاهش می یابد، ولی بیماری همچنان مسری است و آنتی بادی HIV در خون قابل ارزیابی است.تحقیقات نشان داده است که HIV طی این مرحله غیرفعال نیست و در غدد لنفاوی بسیار فعال است.

تعداد زیادی از سلول های T- helper آلوده شده و می میرند و ویروس فراوانی تولید می شود. تست آزمایشگاهی جدیدی وجود دارد که مقدار ناچیز HIV که از غدد لنفاوی آزاد می شود را اندازه می گیرد. این تست HIV-RNA را اندازه می گیرد (RNA ماده ژنتیکی HIV می باشد) این تست را تست بارگیری ویروس (viral load test) می گویند که نقش بسیار مهمی در درمان آلودگی با HIV دارد.

مرحله علامتدار عفونت HIV (مرحله سوم)

با گذشت زمان، سیستم ایمنی توان خود را از دست می هد که به ۳ دلیل عمده زیر است.

۱ – بافت ها و غدد لنفاوی به دلیل سال ها فعالیت، آسیب می بینند.

۲ – و HIV جهش پیدا می کند و آلوده کنندگی اش تشدید می شود. به عبارت دیگر برای تخریب سلول های،T- helper قوی تر و متنوع تر می شود.

۳ – بدن توانایی جایگزینی سلول های T – helper از دست رفته را ندارد.

با ایجاد نقص در سیستم ایمنی، علائم به وجود می آیند که در آغاز بسیاری از علائم خفیف هستند. ولی با تحلیل سیستم ایمنی، علائم تشدید می شوند

منبع:www.pezeshk.us

The Effects of Smoking on Your Heart

Heart Disease

Study: Reduce Smoking, Boost Heart Health

Suzanne Rostler
Reuters Health

NEW YORK - Smokers who quit or even just cut down on cigarettes can begin to reap the health benefits within a few months, new study findings suggest.

In the study, individuals who gradually quit smoking saw improvements in risk factors for heart disease, including lower cholesterol and carbon monoxide levels. The findings may encourage some of the millions of smokers worldwide to cut back on tobacco, which will cause an estimated 10 million deaths a year by 2030, report researchers led by Dr. Bjorn Eliasson from Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Goteborg, Sweden.

"Smoking reduction results in improvements in established cardiovascular risk factors...which has the potential to benefit individual and public health," the authors write.

Over 4 months, 33 adults who had smoked 15 or more cigarettes a day for at least 3 years reduced and tried to quit smoking. To help curb their cravings, they used a nicotine-containing nasal spray manufactured by Pharmacia Consumer Healthcare, which funded the study.

After 9 weeks, participants had cut their smoking in half, on average. Levels of carbon monoxide declined by about 17%, while total cholesterol and LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels also fell. Meanwhile, HDL ("good") cholesterol rose, and the blood's capacity to transport oxygen also improved, Eliasson's team reports in the August issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research.

Carbon monoxide is a byproduct of tobacco smoke that has been found to boost cholesterol, levels of white blood cells and other risk factors for heart disease. The gas can also impair the blood's ability to transport oxygen throughout the body, which may raise the risk of heart attack.

According to previous research cited in the report, reducing total cholesterol by up to 9% and reducing LDL cholesterol by just 1% can lower a person's risk of heart disease.

"Reduction (of smoking) is a step in the right direction, especially for those that are not quite ready to stop yet," Eliasson told Reuters Health, although he added that it could be difficult for some people to maintain a lower level for a long period of time.

SOURCE: Nicotine & Tobacco Research 2001 August.

Smoking - Heart Circulation

Smokers are more than 5 times as likely as nonsmokers to develop abdominal aortic aneurysms. (Reuters March 2004)

Nicotine can trigger palpitations. (Longevity, May 1991)

Among people over 65, smokers have four to eight times the risk of an aneurysm than the average person’s risk: those with high blood pressure have double the risk. (“Deceptive Pain,” Discover magazine, Jan. 2001)

Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke both significantly hasten hardening of the arteries, and the damage may be permanent, says a study at Wake Forest University. (“Smoking linked to hardening of the arteries,” AP, The Daily Progress, Charlottesville, Virginia, Jan. 14, 1998)

Smoking may account for a 50% increase in the development of arteriosclerosis (the buildup of plaque along arterial walls) for current smokers, and 25% for past smokers. (Delicious! magazine, May 1998)

In the winter, smokers may be at an increased risk of heart disease due to higher blood pressure and heart rate, say researchers in Israel. Although winter blood pressure readings are typically higher for most people, in smokers the average increase in systolic blood pressure was twice the increase in non-smokers. (“Cold Weather Raises Heart Risk for Smokers,” heartinfo.org - June 2001)

Smoking damages the arteries to the heart and brain, thereby increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. ( British Medical Journal 1996, in Health Gazette newsletter, Feb. 1997)

Cigarette smoking harms the body by raising cholesterol levels and blood pressure. (“Addictive Substances: Nicotine,” Let’s Live magazine, Oct. 1996)

One cigarette can impair circulation for up to 45 minutes by constricting the small blood vessels. (The narrow vessels in the feet are particularly vulnerable to the damaging effects). (Hara Podiatrist Group, Covina, Ca., Prevention magazine, Dec. 1987)

Facts About Heart Disease and Women: Kicking The Smoking Habit

CORONARY HEART DISEASE is a woman's concern. Every woman's concern. One in ten American women 45 to 64 years of age has some form of heart disease, and this increases to one in five women over 65. Another 1.6 million women have had a stroke. Both heart disease and stroke are known as cardiovascular diseases, which are serious disorders of the heart and blood vessel system.

Cigarette smoking is a habit that greatly increases your chances of developing cardiovascular diseases. Surprising as it may seem, smoking by women in this country causes almost as many deaths from heart disease as from lung cancer. If you smoke, you are two to six times more likely to suffer a heart attack than a nonsmoking woman, and the risk increases with the number of cigarettes you smoke each day. Smoking also boosts the risk of stroke.

The Effects of Smoking on the Heart

Introduction

Each year, tobacco smoking accounts for around approximately 20% of all heart disease deaths.

What is Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)?

CHD has two principal forms - angina and heart attacks. Both occur because the arteries carrying blood to the heart muscle become blocked or narrowed, usually by a deposit of fatty substances, a process known as atherosclerosis. Angina is a severe pain in the chest brought on by exertion and relieved by rest. A heart attack is due to obstruction of a coronary artery either as a result of atherosclerosis or a blood clot: part of the heart muscle is deprived of oxygen and dies.

Risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease

Cigarette smoking, raised blood cholesterol and high blood pressure are the most firmly established, non-hereditary risk factors leading to CHD with cigarette smoking being the "most important of the known modifiable risk factors for CHD", according to the US Surgeon General. A cigarette smoker has two to three times the risk of having a heart attack than a non-smoker. If both of the other main risk factors are present then the chances of having a heart attack can be increased eight times. At least 80% of heart attacks in men under 45 are thought to be due to cigarette smoking. At this age, heavy smokers have 10 to 15 times the rate of fatal heart attacks of non-smokers. Even light smokers are at increased risk of CHD: a US study found that women who smoked 1-4 cigarettes a day had a 2.5-fold increased risk of fatal coronary heart disease.

The role of smoking in Coronary Heart Disease

Inhaling tobacco smoke causes several immediate responses within the heart and its blood vessels. Within one minute of starting to smoke, the heart rate begins to rise: it may increase by as much as 30 percent during the first 10 minutes of smoking. Smoking also raises blood pressure: blood vessels constrict which forces the heart to work harder to deliver oxygen to the rest of the body. Meanwhile, carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke exerts a negative effect on the heart by reducing the blood's ability to carry oxygen.

Smoking and arterial disease

Smoking tends to increase blood cholesterol levels. Cigarette smokers also have raised fibrinogen levels and platelet counts which make the blood more sticky. Carbon monoxide attaches itself to haemoglobin much more easily than oxygen does. This reduces the amount of oxygen available to the tissues. All these factors make smokers more at risk of developing various forms of atherosclerotic disease. As the atherosclerotic process progresses, blood flows less easily through rigid and narrowed arteries and the blood is more likely to form a thrombosis (clot). This sudden blockage of an artery may lead to a fatal heart attack, a stroke or gangrene of the leg.

Aneurysm

Is a ballooning of the wall of an artery which leads to risk of bursting or clotting, which may lead to catastrophic results. Smokers are very much more likely to die from a ruptured aneurysm of the abdominal aorta than non-smokers.

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

Smokers have a 16 times greater risk of developing peripheral vascular disease (blocked blood vessels in the legs or feet) than people who have never smoked. Smokers who ignore the warning of early symptoms and continue to smoke are more likely to develop gangrene of a leg.

Cigarette smoking combines with other factors to multiply the risks of atherosclerosis. Patients who continue to smoke after surgery for PVD are more likely to relapse, leading to amputation, and are more likely to die earlier.10

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger's Disease)

This is a rare form of PVD, and is virtually always due to heavy cigarette smoking. It consists of an inflammatory condition of small vessels that leads to blocking of the arteries and gangrene. Few sufferers are able to stop and many of them end up with multiple amputations.

Stroke

Smokers are more likely to develop a cerebral thrombosis (stroke) than non-smokers. A form of cerebral haemorrhage (subarachnoid) is more common in smokers, especially among women who also take the contraceptive pill.

 

What Are the Risk Factors for Heart Disease?

Risk factors are conditions or habits that make a person more likely to develop a disease. They can also increase the chances that an existing disease will get worse. Important risk factors for heart disease that you can do something about are:

High blood pressure

High blood cholesterol

Diabetes

Smoking

Being overweight

Being physically inactive

Having a family history of early heart disease

Age (55 or older for women)

Some risk factors, such as age and family history of early heart disease, can't be changed. For women, age becomes a risk factor at 55. After menopause, women are more apt to get heart disease, in part because their body's production of estrogen drops. Women who have gone through early menopause, either naturally or because they have had a hysterectomy, are twice as likely to develop heart disease as women of the same age who have not yet gone through menopause. Another reason for the increasing risk is that middle age is a time when women tend to develop risk factors for heart disease. Family history of early heart disease is another risk factor that can't be changed. If your father or brother had a heart attack before age 55, or if your mother or sister had one before age 65, you are more likely to get heart disease yourself.

While certain risk factors cannot be changed, it is important to realize that you do have control over many others. Regardless of your age, background, or health status, you can lower your risk of heart disease—and it doesn't have to be complicated. Protecting your heart can be as simple as taking a brisk walk, whipping up a good vegetable soup, or getting the support you need to maintain a healthy weight.

Some women believe that doing just one healthy thing will take care of all of their heart disease risk. For example, they may think that if they walk or swim regularly, they can still smoke and stay fairly healthy. Wrong! To protect your heart, it is vital to make changes that address each risk factor you have. You can make the changes gradually, one at a time. But making them is very important. Other women may wonder: If I have just one risk factor for heart disease—say, I'm overweight or I have high blood cholesterol—aren't I more or less "safe"? Absolutely not. Each risk factor greatly increases a woman's chance of developing heart disease. But having more than one risk factor is especially serious, because risk factors tend to "gang up" and worsen each other's effects. So, the message is clear: Every woman needs to take her heart disease risk seriously—and take action now to reduce that risk.

 

 

Heart Disease: Risk Factors for Heart Disease

Some heart disease risk factors you can control and some you cannot. Coronary artery disease causes roughly 1.2 million heart attacks each year, and more than forty percent of those suffering from a heart attack will die. Even more worrisome, 335,000 people with heart attacks will die in an emergency department or before ever reaching the hospital. According to the American Heart Association, over 7 million Americans have suffered a heart attack in their lifetime.

What Are the Risk Factors for Heart Disease?

There are several risk factors for heart disease; some are controllable, others are not. Uncontrollable risk factors include:

Male sex

Older age

Family history of heart disease

Post-menopausal

Race (African Americans, American Indians, and Mexican Americans are more likely to have heart disease than Caucasians)

Still, there are many risk factors that can be controlled. By making changes in your lifestyle, you can actually reduce your risk for heart disease. Controllable risk factors include:

Smoking.

High LDL, or "bad" cholesterol and low HDL, or "good" cholesterol.

Uncontrolled hypertension (high blood pressure).

Physical inactivity.

Obesity (more than 20% over one's ideal body weight).

Uncontrolled diabetes.

High C-reactive protein.

Uncontrolled stress and anger.

What Can I Do to Lower My Risk of Heart Disease?

Making changes in your lifestyle is a proven method for reducing your risk of developing heart disease. While there are no guarantees that a heart-healthy lifestyle will keep heart disease away, these changes will certainly improve your health in other ways, such as improving your physical and emotional well being. Also, because some risk factors are related to others, making changes in one area can benefit other areas.

Here are some ways you can reduce your risk of heart disease.

Quit smoking. Smokers have more than twice the risk for heart attack as nonsmokers. Smoking is also the most preventable risk factor. If you smoke, quit. Better yet, never start smoking at all. Nonsmokers who are exposed to constant smoke also have an increased risk.

Improve cholesterol levels. The risk for heart disease increases as your total amount of cholesterol increases. Your total cholesterol goal should be less than 200 mg/dl; HDL, the good cholesterol, higher than 40 mg/dl in men and 50 mg/dl in women (and the higher the better); and LDL should be less than 130 mg/dl in healthy adults. For those with diabetes or multiple risk factors for heart disease, LDL goal should be less than 100 mg/dl (some experts recommend less than 70 mg/dl if you are very high risk). Interpretation and treatment of cholesterol values must be individualized, taking into account all of your risk factors for heart disease. A diet low in cholesterol and saturated and trans fat will help lower cholesterol levels and reduce your risk for heart disease. Regular exercise will also help lower "bad" cholesterol and raise "good" cholesterol. Medications are often needed to reach cholesterol goals.

Control high blood pressure. About 60 million people in the U.S. have hypertension, or high blood pressure, making it the most common heart disease risk factor. Nearly one in three adults has systolic blood pressure (the upper number) over 140, and/or diastolic blood pressure (the lower number) over 90, which is the definition of hypertension. Like cholesterol, blood pressure interpretation and treatment should be individualized, taking into account your entire risk profile. Control blood pressure through diet, exercise, weight management, and if needed, medications.

Control diabetes. If not properly controlled, diabetes can lead to significant heart damage including heart attacks and death. Control diabetes through a healthy diet, exercise, maintaining a healthy weight and taking medications as prescribed by your doctor.

Get active. Many of us lead sedentary lives, exercising infrequently or not at all. People who don't exercise have higher rates of death and heart disease compared to people who perform even mild to moderate amounts of physical activity. Even leisure-time activities like gardening or walking can lower your risk of heart disease. Most people should exercise 30 minutes a day, at moderate intensity, on most days. More vigorous activities are associated with more benefits. Exercise should be aerobic, involving the large muscle groups. Aerobic activities include brisk walking, cycling, swimming, jumping rope and jogging. If walking is your exercise of choice, use the pedometer goal of 10,000 steps a day. Consult your doctor before starting any exercise program.

Eat right Eat a heart-healthy diet low in sodium, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol and refined sugars. Try to increase your intake of foods rich in vitamins and other nutrients, especially antioxidants, which have been proven to lower your risk for heart disease. Also eat plant-based foods such as fruits and vegetables, nuts, and whole grains.

Achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight puts significant strain on your heart and worsens several other heart disease risk factors such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol and triglycerides. Research is showing that obesity itself increases heart disease risk. By eating right and exercising, you can lose weight and reduce your risk of heart disease.

Manage stress. Poorly controlled stress and anger can lead to heart attacks and strokes. Use stress and anger management techniques to lower your risk. Learn to manage stress by practicing relaxation techniques, learning how to manage your time, setting realistic goals, and trying some new techniques such as guided imagery, massage, Tai Chi or yoga.

Control diabetes. If not properly controlled, diabetes can lead to significant

ریسک فاکتورهای قلبی

Risk Factors and Coronary Heart Disease AHA Scientific Position

Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attack. Major risk factors are those that research has shown significantly increase the risk of heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Other factors are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but their significance and prevalence haven't yet been precisely determined. They're called contributing risk factors.

The American Heart Association has identified several risk factors. Some of them can be modified, treated or controlled, and some can't. The more risk factors you have, the greater your chance of developing coronary heart disease. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, the greater the risk. For example, a person with a total cholesterol of 300 mg/dL has a greater risk than someone with a total cholesterol of 245 mg/dL, even though everyone with a total cholesterol greater than 240 is considered high-risk.

What are the major risk factors that can't be changed?

Increasing age — Over 83 percent of people who die of coronary heart disease are 65 or older. At older ages, women who have heart attacks are more likely than men are to die from them within a few weeks.

Male sex (gender) — Men have a greater risk of heart attack than women do, and they have attacks earlier in life. Even after menopause, when women's death rate from heart disease increases, it's not as great as men's.

Heredity (including Race) — Children of parents with heart disease are more likely to develop it themselves. African Americans have more severe high blood pressure than Caucasians and a higher risk of heart disease. Heart disease risk is also higher among Mexican Americans, American Indians, native Hawaiians and some Asian Americans. This is partly due to higher rates of obesity and diabetes. Most people with a strong family history of heart disease have one or more other risk factors. Just as you can't control your age, sex and race, you can't control your family history. Therefore, it's even more important to treat and control any other risk factors you have.

What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine?

Tobacco smoke — Smokers' risk of developing coronary heart disease is 2–4 times that of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking is a powerful independent risk factor for sudden cardiac death in patients with coronary heart disease; smokers have about twice the risk of nonsmokers. Cigarette smoking also acts with other risk factors to greatly increase the risk for coronary heart disease. People who smoke cigars or pipes seem to have a higher risk of death from coronary heart disease (and possibly stroke) but their risk isn't as great as cigarette smokers'. Exposure to other people's smoke increases the risk of heart disease even for nonsmokers.

High blood cholesterol — As blood cholesterol rises, so does risk of coronary heart disease. When other risk factors (such as high blood pressure and tobacco smoke) are present, this risk increases even more. A person's cholesterol level is also affected by age, sex, heredity and diet.

High blood pressure — High blood pressure increases the heart's workload, causing the heart to thicken and become stiffer. It also increases your risk of stroke, heart attack, kidney failure and congestive heart failure. When high blood pressure exists with obesity, smoking, high blood cholesterol levels or diabetes, the risk of heart attack or stroke increases several times.

Physical inactivity — An inactive lifestyle is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Regular, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity helps prevent heart and blood vessel disease. The more vigorous the activity, the greater your benefits. However, even moderate-intensity activities help if done regularly and long term. Physical activity can help control blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity, as well as help lower blood pressure in some people.

Obesity and overweight — People who have excess body fat — especially if a lot of it is at the waist — are more likely to develop heart disease and stroke even if they have no other risk factors. Excess weight increases the heart's work. It also raises blood pressure and blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and lowers HDL ("good") cholesterol levels. It can also make diabetes more likely to develop. Many obese and overweight people may have difficulty losing weight. But by losing even as few as 10 pounds, you can lower your heart disease risk.

Diabetes mellitus — Diabetes seriously increases your risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Even when glucose (blood sugar) levels are under control, diabetes increases the risk of heart disease and stroke, but the risks are even greater if blood sugar is not well controlled. About three-quarters of people with diabetes die of some form of heart or blood vessel disease. If you have diabetes, it's extremely important to work with your healthcare provider to manage it and control any other risk factors you can.

What other factors contribute to heart disease risk?

Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor. Some scientists have noted a relationship between coronary heart disease risk and stress in a person's life, their health behaviors and socioeconomic status. These factors may affect established risk factors. For example, people under stress may overeat, start smoking or smoke more than they otherwise would.

Drinking too much alcohol can raise blood pressure, cause heart failure and lead to stroke. It can contribute to high triglycerides, cancer and other diseases, and produce irregular heartbeats. It contributes to obesity, alcoholism, suicide and accidents.

The risk of heart disease in people who drink moderate amounts of alcohol (an average of one drink for women or two drinks for men per day) is lower than in nondrinkers. One drink is defined as 1-1/2 fluid ounces (fl oz) of 80-proof spirits (such as bourbon, Scotch, vodka, gin, etc.), 1 fl oz of 100-proof spirits, 4 fl oz of wine or 12 fl oz of beer. It's not recommended that nondrinkers start using alcohol or that drinkers increase the amount they drink.

بررسي آپوپتوزيس القاء شده توسط سيپروفلوكساسين

در بافت بيضة موش صحرايي با روش TUNEL

دکتر آرش خاكي*- دکترمعرفت غفاري نوين**- دکترعلي اكبرابراهيم نژاد*** -

دکتراميرافشين خاكي****

* استاديار بخش پاتولوژي دانشكده دامپزشكي دانشگاه آزاد اسلامي واحد تبريز

**استاديار گروه غدد توليد مثل وجنين‌شناسي مركز تحقيقات بيوتکنولوژي توليد مثل، پژوهشکده فناوري‌هاي نوين علوم‌پزشکي جهاد دانشگاهي ابن سينا تهران

*** مربي بخش ايمنوهيستوشيمي بيمارستان قائم، دانشگاه علوم پزشکي تبريز

**** استاديار بخش آناتومي دانشكده پزشکي دانشگاه علوم پزشکي تبريز

چكيده

مقدمه: سيپروفلوكساسين (Ciprofloxacin) يكي از آنتي بيوتيك‌ها‌ي خانواده فلوركينولون با طيف اثر وسيع بر باكتري‌هاست. اين دارو كاربرد گسترده‌اي در كنترل عفونت‌هاي ناشي از ميکـروب‌هاي گرم منفي و درمان عفونت‌هـاي دستگاه تناسلي- ادراري دارد و در 100 کشـور دنيـا براي درمـان استفاده مي‌شود.

هدف : مطالعـه مرگ برنامه‌ريزي شده(آپوپتوزيس) القاءشده توسط سيپروفلوکساسين در بافت بيضةموش صحرايي .

مواد و روش‌ها: 20سر موش صحرايي نر نژاد ويستار به دو گروه كنترل (10=n) و آزمايش (10=n) تقسيم شدند. در گروه كنترل موش‌ها به مدت 60 روز از غذا و آب در شرايط استاندارد استفاده كردند و در گروه آزمايش موش‌ها دوز درماني داروي سيپروفلوكساسين را به ميزان mg/kg5/12 به مدت 60 روز به صورت محلول در آب آشاميدني دريافت كردند. در روز شصتم، بافت بيضه در محلول فرمالين 10%، براي بررسي هيستوپاتولوژي مرگ برنامه‌ريزي شده (Apoptosis) به روش Tunel به آزمايشگاه پاتولوژي فرستاده شد.

نتـايج: ميزان سلول‌هاي آپوپتوتيك كه به رنگ قهوه‌اي درآمده بودند در گروه آزمايش 17/10± 15/15 و درگروه كنترل 41/2± 3 بود که اين تغييرات به ميزان (01/0 P≤) معني‌داربود.

نتيجه گيري: چون تعداد سلول‌هاي آپوپتوتيك در لوله‌هاي سميني‌فر نسبت به گروه كنترل به ميزان قابل توجهي افزايش يافته بود، مي‌توان نتيجه گرفت که اين دارو مي‌تواند سبب ناباروري در موش‌هاي نر شود.